Anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus from a rhinologist’s perspective: a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20210182Keywords:
Lacrimal galand, Lacrimal sac, Nasolacrimal ductAbstract
The postero-superioly situated lacrimal glands secreate tears to lubricate the exposed sclera, limbus and the cornea. The tears are ultimately are channeled into the antero-inferior sited lacrimal sac and thereby into the nasal inferior meatus. Epiphora may be secondary to irritative or obstructive pathology in the naso-lacrimal system. Individual with epiphora necessitates intervention, medical or surgical. The naso-lacrimal system with its unique anatomy has been elaborated upon to assist in detecting the precise site of pathology and plan management likewise.
References
Welham RA. In: Miller S, ed. Clinical ophthalmology. IOP Publishing Ltd: Bristol (Indian Edn); 1997:391-441.
Wesley RE. Inferior turbinate fracture in the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and congenital nasolacrimal duct anomaly. Ophthalm Surg. 1985;16:368-71.
Ali MJ, Kakizaki H. Embryology of the lacrimal drainage system. In: Principles and Practice of Lacrimal Surgery. Springer, Singapore; 2018:9-18.
Jones LT, Wobig JL. Surgery of the eyelids and lacrimal system. Birmingham, Aesculapius; 1976:58.
Codère F, Tucker NA, Renaldi B. The anatomy of Whitnall ligament. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(12):2016-9.
Nagato T, Yoshida H, Yoshida A, Uehara Y. A scanning electron microscope study of myoepithelial cells in exocrine glands. Cell Tissue Res. 1980;209(1):1-0.
Rice DH. Endoscopic intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy: Results in four patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:1061.
Snell RS, Lemp-MA. Clinical Anatomy of the eye, Boston, Blackwell; 1989:114-124.
Yamamoto H, Morikawa K, Uchinuma E, Yamashina S. An anatomical study of the medial canthus using a three-dimensional model. Aesth Plast Surg. 2001; 25(3):189-93.
Smith B, Bosniak SL. Orbital Trauma Surgery. Complications in Ophthalmic Surgery. 1983:387.
Takahashi Y, Kakizaki H, Nakano T, Asamoto K, Ichinose A, Iwaki M. Anatomy of the vertical lacrimal canaliculus and lacrimal punctum: a macroscopic study. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(5):384-6.
Tucker NA, Tucker SM, Linberg JV. The anatomy of the common canaliculus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(10):1231-4.
Ali MJ, Schicht M, Paulsen F. Morphology and morphometry of lacrimal drainage system in relation to bony landmarks in Caucasian adults: a cadaveric study. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(6):2463-9.
Alherabi A, Marglani O, Herzallah I, Shaibah H, Alaidarous T, Alkaff H, et al. Endoscopic anatomy of the lacrimal sac for dacryocystorhinostomy. A cadaveric study. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(3):245-50.
Tong J, Lopez MJ, Patel BC. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Eye Orbicularis Oculi Muscle. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island (FL); 2020.
Sevel D. Development and congenital abnormalities of the nasolacrimal apparatus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1981;18(5):13-9.
Moscato EE, Kelly JP, Weiss A. Developmental anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct: implications for congenital obstruction. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(12):2430-4.
Ye H, Feng Y, Yin S. Anatomy study of the lacrimal bone in dacryocystorhinostomy. J Clin Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;21(17):774-6.
Sathiamoorthi S, Frank RD, Mohney BG. Incidence and clinical characteristics of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(4):527-9.
